Dietary Management of Diabetes

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body processes blood sugar (glucose), which is the main source of energy for your body's cells. Diabetes can be classified into three primary types.

1.Type 1 Diabetes: This type of diabetes that typically develops during childhood or adolescence, but can occur at any age. It is caused by an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, people with type 1 diabetes have a lack of insulin, which is necessary to regulate blood sugar levels. To manage their condition, they require daily insulin injections or an insulin pump to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

2. Type 2 Diabetes: This type of diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, and it usually develops in adulthood, although it is increasingly being diagnosed in children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin, or when your pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnicities.

3. Gestational Diabetes: Gestational diabetes is a temporary form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. This condition occurs when the body is unable to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels during pregnancy. 

There are also other less common forms of diabetes, including monogenic diabetes and cystic fibrosis.

Dietary Management of Diabetes 

Normal Range of Blood Sugar:

These values are categorized as "normal" for blood sugar levels.

• If you do not have diabetes, your blood sugar level should be below 140 mg/dl. 
• If you have diabetes, your blood sugar level should be below 180 mg/dl.

Blood Glucose Chart

Mg/DL	Fasting	After Eating	2-3 Hours After Eating
Normal	80-100	170-200	120-140
Impaired Glucose	101-125	190-230	140-160
Diabetic	126+	220-300	200+

Dietary Management of Diabetes :

Dietary management is a crucial component in the treatment of diabetes. Proper diet can help control blood glucose levels, maintain a healthy weight, and reduce the risk of developing complications. Here are some dietary recommendations for diabetes management:

1.Eat a Well-Balanced Diet: A well-balanced diet consists of a variety of foods from all food groups, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Aim to eat foods with a low glycemic index, as these will help keep blood sugar levels stable.

2.Control Portion Sizes: Portion control is important in managing diabetes. Use smaller plates and avoid overeating. It's also important to keep track of your calorie intake to maintain a healthy weight.

3.Choose Carbohydrates Wisely: Carbohydrates are an important source of energy, but they can also raise blood sugar levels. Choose carbohydrates that are high in fiber and have a low glycemic index, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Avoid foods with added sugars, refined carbohydrates, and processed foods.

4.Limit Saturated and Trans Fats: To minimize the risk of heart disease, it's advisable to restrict the intake of saturated and trans fats as they can elevate cholesterol levels. Limit your intake of saturated fats by choosing lean proteins and low-fat dairy products. 

5.Stay Hydrated: It is recommended to maintain good hydration levels by consuming an adequate amount of water throughout the day. Avoid sugary drinks, as they can cause blood sugar levels to spike.

General Diabetes Diet Chart:

Breakfast:

* 2 scrambled eggs

* 1 slice of whole-grain toast

* 1 cup of nonfat milk

Mid-Morning Snack:

* 1 medium apple

* 1 oz. of almonds

Lunch:

* Grilled chicken salad with mixed greens, cherry tomatoes, cucumbers, and avocado

* 1 small whole-grain roll

Afternoon Snack:

* 1 small low-fat yogurt

* 1 medium orange

Dinner:

* Grilled salmon

* 1/2 cup of brown rice

* Steamed broccoli

* 1 small whole-grain roll

Bedtime Snack:

* 1/2 cup of low-fat cottage cheese

* 1/2 cup of sliced strawberries

Remember, it's important to work with a registered dietitian or a healthcare professional to create a personalized diabetes meal plan based on your individual needs and preferences.

Which Fruits are Harmful for Diabetes Patients

Fruits contain natural sugars, known as fructose, which can affect blood sugar levels. However, fruits are also a rich source of essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and can be included in a diabetes-friendly diet in moderation.

The glycemic index (GI) of a fruit is a measure of how quickly it can raise blood sugar levels. Fruits with a high GI value are more likely to cause a spike in blood sugar levels and should be eaten in moderation or avoided by people with diabetes. Some fruits that have a high GI value include:

1. Watermelon

2. Pineapple

3. Mango

4. Papaya

5. Dates

However, it is important to note that fruits should not be completely eliminated from a diabetes diet, as they also provide essential nutrients and fiber.Eating a variety of fruits in moderate amounts can be a part of a healthy diabetes friendly diet.

Glycemic Index

The glycemic index (GI) is a ranking system used to measure how quickly carbohydrates in food raise blood sugar levels. It measures the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels over a period of two hours after consuming a food or beverage.

Foods that have a high glycemic index are quickly broken down and absorbed by the body, leading to a fast rise in blood sugar levels. Conversely, foods that have a low glycemic index are metabolized and absorbed more slowly, resulting in a gradual and steady increase in blood sugar levels.

The GI is expressed as a number from 0 to 100, with glucose having a GI of 100, and is typically classified into three categories: low (less than or equal to 55), medium (56-69), and high (70 or greater).

Foods with a low GI include non-starchy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and some fruits, while high GI foods include white bread, white rice, sugary drinks, and sweets.

The glycemic index can be a useful tool for people with diabetes to help manage their blood sugar levels, as well as for individuals who want to choose foods that promote steady energy levels and sustained feelings of fullness. However, it's important to note that the glycemic index is not the only factor to consider when making food choices, as the overall nutrient content of the food also plays an important role in health.

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Farha Zaidi

(Nutritionist)